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Rotten eggs are off-putting at the best of times – and now scientists believe the same chemical that causes the awful smell may have held back the evolution of life.

Oceans polluted by hydrogen sulphide could explain why it took so long for life to develop on Earth.

Around two billion years ago, deeper layers of the oceans contained high levels of the rotten egg chemical and little oxygen.

The smelly poison would have placed a big obstacle in the path of biological evolution, say scientists.

Study leader Dr Simon Poulton, from the University of Newcastle, said: “It has traditionally been assumed that the first rise in atmospheric oxygen eventually led to oxygenation of the deep ocean around 1.8 billion years ago.

“This assumption has been called into question over recent years, and here we show that the ocean remained oxygen-free but became rich in toxic hydrogen sulphide over an area that extended more than 100 kilometres from the continents.

“It took a second major rise in atmospheric oxygen, around 580 million years ago, to oxygenate the deep ocean. This has major implications as it would have potentially restricted the evolution of higher life forms that require oxygen, explaining why animals appear so suddenly relatively late in the geological record.”

Oxygen began to fill the Earth’s atmosphere for the first time between 1.8 billion and 2.4 billion years ago, rising from nothing to about 5% of present levels. But scientists have not been clear about what happened to oxygen in the oceans – a vital part of life’s evolutionary jigsaw.

Early life first emerged in the oceans almost four billion years ago but did not progress beyond the stage of primitive single cells for nearly three billion years. More complex multi-cellular life evolved just over a billion years ago. Around 500 million years ago the “Cambrian Explosion” saw the creation of most of the animal groups that exist today. Soon after, dinosaurs and mammals appeared.

The new findings, reported in the journal Nature Geoscience, are based on an analysis of sedimentary rock samples from a region around Lake Superior in North America. They showed that while the ocean surface 1.8 billion years ago was oxygenated, middle depths extending a large distance from the shoreline were sulphide-rich and starved of oxygen.

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How To Generate Traffic Using Only Free Methods

Putting up a company would of course require a lot of things, to get straight to the point, you need a capital. To make money requires money as well. But of course, with the versatility the internet offers, there are many ways you could find that could help optimize the potential of your site or business in generating traffic.

While there are ways to jumpstart your traffic flows, many sites don’t have the resources that others have to generate more traffic for your site. Well, you don’t have to spend a cent; all you need is the proper mindset and a lot of eagerness. You also must have the drive and perseverance to do hard work and research to generate more traffic for your site.

How sweet it is to have more traffic for your site without spending a single cent.  Now it’s a sure thing that many sites have articles that offer tips and guidelines in how to generate traffic using only free methods. Because it is possible, you don’t need to speed a single cent, it may take time, to say honestly, I’m not going to beat around the bush with you. You get better chances by paying for your advertisements, but at least you get a fighting chance with some of these free methods I’m about to tell you.

Take advantage of online forums and online communities. The great thing about forums and online communities is that you can target a certain group that fits the certain demographic that you are looking for. You can discuss about lots of things about the niche that you represent or offer.  Another great advantage is that you know what you are getting into and you will be prepared.

With online communities and forums you can build a reputation for your company. Show them what you are made of and wow them with your range of expertise about the subject, with that you can build a reputation and build trust with the people in your expertise and knowledge.

You can also make use of newsletters. Provide people with a catalog of your products and interesting and entertaining articles. If you make it really interesting and entertaining, more people will sign up for your newsletter and recommend it to other people. The more people who signs up for your newsletter, the more people there will be that will go to your site increasing your traffic.

Another great idea is trading links with other sites. You don’t have to spend a cent. All you have to do is reach an agreement with another webmaster. With exchanging links, the efforts both sites do will benefit both sites. Every traffic that goes to the site could potentially click on the link of your site and visit your site as well. This works well especially when both sites feature the same niche.

Write articles that could pique the attention of people that have interest in your product. Try writing articles that will provide tips and guides to other aficionados. Writing articles that provide good service and knowledge to other people would provide the necessary mileage your traffic flow needs.

Many sites offer free submission and posting of your articles. When people find interest in your articles they have a good chance of following the track by finding out where the article originated. Include a link or a brief description of your company with the article and there’s a great probability that they will go to your site.

Write good content for your site. Many search engines track down the keywords and keyword phrases your site uses and how they are used. It is not a requirement that a content should be done by a professional content writer. You could do your on but you have to make content for your site that is entertaining as well as informational. It should provide certain requirements as well as great quality.
Generally, internet users use search engines to find what they are looking for. Search engines in return use keyword searching in aiding their search results. With the right keywords, you could get high rankings in search engine results without the costs.

All of these methods and more will drive more traffic to your site for free. All it takes is a bit of effort and extended man hours. Learn all you can about the methods depicted here and you will soon have a site with a great traffic flow without the usual costs that come with it.

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Bumblebees distinctive bright yellow and black stripes may not be what keeps them safe from their enemies, scientists say.

A UK study has shown that other aspects of bees behaviour may matter more than the classic bee colour to keep predators away.

This could be the way bumblebees fly or perhaps the buzzing sound they make, say the scientists.

The results of the study were published in the Journal of Zoology.

Scientists have long believed that once flying predators get stung by a bee, they remember their experience and in the future rely strongly on colour cues to identify their prey.

“The first time a bird eats a brightly coloured bumblebee it gets a nasty surprise. Remembering the bees bright colours may help the bird to avoid making the same mistake again,” said Dr Nigel Raine from the School of Biological Sciences at Royal Holloway, University of London, a researcher on the study.

Birds perceive the world differently to humans, being able to see light in the ultraviolet range of the spectrum. But they can still distinguish between different species of bees, explained the scientist.

So the researchers wanted to check if bees colours were the only thing that helped to warn off predators.

Dr Raine and his colleagues from the University of London set up a number of colonies from different populations of bumblebees in the UK, Germany and Sardinia.

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Predators didnt seem to target the unusually coloured bees more than the native populations we tested

Dr Nigel E Raine University of London

Though some insects had similar colour patterns – bands of bright yellow, white, orange or red and regions of black, others looked quite different from one another.

“In the UK, they are yellow-and-black-striped with a white tip on the abdomen, but in the Canary Islands for example they don't have any yellow bands at all – they're just black and white,” said Dr Raine.

The scientists expected birds to rely on visual clues, meaning they would be more likely to attack bees that looked different from the ones they were used to.

“All our bees were individually numbered with tags on the back of the thorax, so that we could keep track of each individual that left and entered the nest,” said the researcher.

The scientists then counted how many bees did not return to their nest and compared the loss rate of different Bombus terrestris populations with different colour patterns in the same environment.

They got some rather unexpected results, said Dr Raine.

“Predators didnt seem to target the unusually coloured bees more than the native populations we tested. Perhaps the bumbling way in which all bumblebees fly or their distinctive deep buzzing are more important clues to help would-be predators avoid a nasty sting,” he said.

His colleague Ralph Stelzer, the main author of the study and a PhD student at Queen Mary, University of London, called the findings surprising.

“The results mean that the explanation for the bumblebees colouration patterns is not as simple as previously thought,” he said.

The scientists believe that perhaps birds prefer not to take any chances – and to steer clear of all insects that look, sound or fly like a bumblebee to avoid being stung.

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RapidShare also scores trail-blazing victory in US

Application for temporary injunction against leading filehosting company rejected

May 20, 2010

Cham, 20 May 2010. Yet another company has failed in its attempt to discredit and have the business model of the leading global one-click filehost, RapidShare AG, declared illegal. On 18 May 2010, a US District Court threw out an application for a temporary injunction against RapidShare AG. Submitted by the adult entertainment company Perfect 10, the application was intended to force RapidShare into preventing Perfect 10 pictures from being distributed via RapidShares filehosting service. The court rejected the application in its entirety. In its ruling, the court stated that as a file hosting company, RapidShare cannot be accused of any infringements of copyrights. Perfect 10 also failed to name the location of the copyright protected content on a single occasion.

Christian Schmid, founder of RapidShare AG, said that “the view that RapidShare does not promote any infringements of copyright, unlike other file hosts, appears to be gradually catching on. It is a milestone for us that this is also happening in the US. We are happy that the court in California has not bought into the odd line of argument put forward by Perfect 10 and we look forward to increasingly emphasise the major difference between RapidShare and illegal share hosts

via RapidShare: 1-CLICK Web hosting – Easy Filehosting.

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